A genetics of justice julia alvarez12/9/2023 Editor's evaluationĭisorders affecting eyes range from subtle vision impairment to blindness and are among the most prevalent diseases in the human population ( Sheffield and Stone, 2011). More generally, by integrating comparative genomics with experiments in model organisms, we show that screens for specific phenotype-associated gene signatures can predict functions of uncharacterized genes. Together, these results suggest that SERPINE3 has a role in vertebrate eyes. Furthermore, two human polymorphisms that are in linkage with SERPINE3 are associated with eye-related traits. A CRISPR-mediated knockout of serpine3 in zebrafish resulted in alterations in eye shape and defects in retinal layering. In the zebrafish retina, serpine3 is expressed in Müller glia cells, a cell type essential for survival and maintenance of the retina. To test this, we show that SERPINE3 has the highest expression in eyes of zebrafish and mouse. A detailed investigation of 381 additional mammals revealed that SERPINE3 is independently lost in 18 lineages that typically do not primarily rely on vision, predicting a vision-related function for this gene. The screen uncovered several genes, including SERPINE3, a putative serine proteinase inhibitor. Building on these observations, we performed a genome-wide screen across 49 mammals for functionally uncharacterized genes that are preferentially lost in species exhibiting lower visual acuity values. This provides an opportunity to predict novel eye-related genes based on specific evolutionary gene loss signatures. During mammalian evolution, mammals that naturally exhibit poor vision or regressive eye phenotypes have independently lost many eye-related genes. Anyone who didn't trill the "r" was thought to be a Haitian Creole speaker-and was likely to be killed.Despite decades of research, knowledge about the genes that are important for development and function of the mammalian eye and are involved in human eye disorders remains incomplete. If the person responded by trilling the "r" in perejil (Spanish for parsley), he would be free to go. When confronting someone in the lands along the border with Haiti, they would hold up a sprig of parsley and ask what it was. Julia Alvarez The method his soldiers used in 1937 to try to identify those who would be killed was cruelly unique. It was from my father that my mother learned why Trujillo hated blacks with such a vengeance, how he disguised his own Haitian ancestry, how he lightened his skin with makeup.–“A Genetics of Justice,” That same year, 1937, El Generalísimo ordered the overnight slaughter of some eighteen thousand Haitians, who had come across the border to work on sugarcane plantations for slave wages. As a young man, he had narrowly escaped to Canada after the plot he had participated in as a student failed. Family friends, whom she had assumed had dropped away of their own accord, turned out to have been disappeared. Thousands had lost their lives in failed attempts to return the country to democracy. Include evidence from the text to support your comparison. By the time my mother married my father, however, she knew all about the true nature of the dictatorship. Compare how the writers present similar ideas to the reader. << Write one paragraph comparing the memoir and the article.
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